Monday, December 26, 2011

Homeless - Stranded, & Need Help

!: Homeless - Stranded, & Need Help

Even if you do not see them, they are there. Every day they are standing at the stoplight at the interstate ramp of I-40 at 15-501. They are holding signs that say, "Homeless, Stranded, Need Help." You might occasionally glance at them but you are careful to avoid eye contact. You wonder if they are really stranded and homeless. You wonder how much money they make. You wonder if they would accept an ordinary day job if someone offered it. You wonder what type of condition, circumstance, or character flaw allows these men to degrade themselves by begging for change at freeway stops. You occasionally take quick glances at their faces and see vacant, distant, pathetic expressions. You begin to notice the same expression on the faces of many other highway beggars in the area. You wonder what their lives are really like.

Maybe you do not wonder about any of this at all, but many of us do. I did. I became curious about two men who I had noticed standing every day at the 15-501 Exit off of I-40. One morning a few months ago (for reasons that I still do not understand) I pulled off the ramp and onto a service road. I walked through the underbrush, over a fence, across the ramp and approached one of the highway beggars. As I approached the homeless man, I mentally rehearsed a few openers to explain my interest. I slowly walked close enough to shake hands and introduce myself.

I said, "I've noticed you guys out here for a long time. Do you mind if I ask you a few questions?" The homeless man said, "What kind of questions?" "I don't really know, yet," I admitted. "I have this idea about making a videotape that describes what you guys are doing out here. I think a lot of people would be interested." "I don't know about a videotape, but we'll be happy to talk to you. I'm Charles."

He looked over into a stand of trees about 30 feet from the ramp. There were two other homeless men sitting on crates in what I later learned was their "break area." Charles pointed at me and yelled over the traffic noise to one of the other homeless men, "Talk to him!" He smiled at me and said, "His name is Bulldog. I can't talk to you right now. You can go talk to Bulldog if you want to."

Bulldog looked like a guy who had earned his nickname. He was a short, sturdy, tattooed guy with long hair. He was sitting with another man who appeared to have some type of skin disorder. I walked over and sat down in the break area and started chatting with Bulldog. He told me that he was a former Navy Seal. He said that he had been on the highway ever since both of his parents died many years ago. He said that he and Charles worked together and that they had been standing at this same ramp for almost two years. I must have looked surprised that they had been at the same spot for so long. Bulldog explained, "We're all out here waitin' for something. Charles over there is waitin' to get his driver's license back. Ralph here is waitin' for his disability claim to go through. Everybody out here is waitin' for something." I asked, "What are you waiting for, Bulldog?" Bulldog looked up to the sky, raised his hands into the air and said, "I'm waitin' to be taken up by Jesus."

Eventually Charles joined us in the break area. He appeared to be a respected leader among the group. He told me that he previously worked for thirteen years for an electric company in the area. He had been married and had several children. His life had taken a sour turn a few years ago when he lost his driver's license. He was a little vague about how this happened, but he said the loss of his driver's license started a chain reaction of negative events that left him with no way to earn money.

I brought up the idea of making a videotape to tell some of these stories. Bulldog made it very clear that he was not interested. Charles said, "We don't know you well enough for something like that. But you can come out here anytime to talk with us if you want." His invitation led to a series of visits over the next several months. During these visits I learned a great deal about their lives. I also grew to like these guys.

The first few conversations focused primarily on the mechanics of their work as panhandlers. Charles and Bulldog told me that they "own" the ramp at I-40 and 15-501. They sometimes share their ramp with a few other local people, and they are happy to share "shifts" with drifters who are just passing through. I asked Bulldog if other panhandlers ever challenged their ownership of the ramp. He looked over into the trees at a long metal pole and said he was not worried about that. He said it was "sort of a code of the West" that panhandlers respected each others' property rights. Charles and Bulldog start early enough each morning to catch the rush hour traffic.

They take a long break about ten o'clock. They return in the afternoon around three and work through evening rush hour. They work in thirty minute shifts. One of them stands on the ramp with a sign while the other sits on a crate in the break area. They are a team, and they work together well. They pool their revenue and share expenses. They say they each can make about ten to twelve dollars a day, but I suspect that they may make a little more than that. Charles has studied the giving patterns of people passing by and can predict which days will be better than average. For example, he said, "Fridays before holiday weekends are always our best days."

Charles and Bulldog live together in a campsite in the woods near the Interstate. They do not reveal the location of the campsite but they appear to be very proud of it. They each have a tent, sleeping bag and a propane tank. They live in this campsite year round, regardless of the temperature. They store water in containers and take "half a bath" at the campsite each morning. The other "half a bath" they take in the restroom at Wal-Mart. They take pride and satisfaction in their ability to live independently in the woods. They correctly pointed out that, "Not everybody can to do it."

Eventually, I learned that Charles and Bulldog have "regulars" who frequently give them food. Bulldog told me that he once returned to the break area after being away for a while, and someone had left food on top of one of the crates. On one occasion while we were talking, they were eating freshly baked bread given to them that morning by a truck driver from a bakery. In fact, they seemed to have plenty of food. "What we really need," Bulldog said, "is propane fuel and bug repellent to get rid of the ticks."

Charles and Bulldog told me that each panhandler in Durham must buy a permit for twenty dollars from the city or be subject to a fine. This permit includes a photo ID that the panhandler must wear when working. This requirement became relevant one afternoon when I was at the Interstate ramp during a visit from the Durham police. A young policeman parked his patrol car and approached the break area where I was sitting with four panhandlers. Everyone but me quickly stood up and displayed his ID card. When the cop asked to see my permit, Charles said, "This guy is some kind of social worker. He's okay." The friendly cop accepted the harmless but untrue explanation and left.

I think the police actually like the panhandlers at the 15-501 ramp, and I can understand why. On another day while I was visiting the ramp, a car at the intersection started to smoke from under the hood. A young woman driving the car panicked and immediately called 911 on her cell phone. Charles approached the car and asked if he could help. The distraught woman said that she thought her car was on fire. Charles asked for permission to look under the hood where he saw a small leak in one hose. He reassured the woman that her car was fine. He called Bulldog over to help push the car out of the road and onto the curb. Within minutes a police car and a fire truck were at the scene. Charles took charge. He explained the circumstance to the patrolman and told him, "Everything is under control." The police and fire department quickly moved on to other matters. When the woman's husband arrived, Charles continued to manage the situation in a way that minimized the young woman's embarrassment for overreacting. Later Charles told me that he and Bulldog often manage situations like that at "their intersection."

Charles, Bulldog, and the other panhandlers I met are not ashamed about begging for money. Their acceptance of begging challenges the stereotypes about work and self sufficiency that most men in our culture are stuck with, whether we like it or not. I think Charles and Bulldog have created some sophisticated rationalizations that make them more comfortable with begging. For example, Charles says, "At least we are not stealing money. We would rather accept what people give us than steal it." Another rationalization is supported by the permit that they wear. They say, "If there was something wrong with panhandling why would the city sell us a permit to do it?" One of their friends said, "I am not proud of standing out here with a sign but I am proud of being able to live on my own in the woods."

After two years at the same Interstate ramp, Charles and Bulldog have established some very strong relationships beyond the community of fellow panhandlers. The strongest of these relationships is with a group of Divinity School students from Duke University. This handful of students has created the 15-501 Ministry that exists to serve the handful of panhandlers near the 15-501 intersection. Every Sunday afternoon the students set up a small tent at the end of a service road and conduct a Christian church service for the panhandlers. The students return every Monday afternoon and serve a free meal. The students have a very strong friendship with Charles and Bulldog that appears to be based on mutual trust and respect. One of the students is helping Charles get his driver's license back.

Charles and Bulldog do not have a house, but I do not think they are homeless. They have a comfortable campsite and people who give them enough money and supplies to eat reasonably well. They even have a sense of independence that comes with being free spirits who are able to make a home in the woods. In some ways they have more than a house. They have created a genuine community.

I do think that they are stranded and need help. Charles expressed it best when he said, "If somebody drove by in a car and gave me a thousand dollars it wouldn't make any difference. I could get an apartment and pay the deposits and two months' rent. After that I would be right back out here, but I would have lost this ramp and lost my campsite." I think he is stranded on the Interstate ramp because he cannot take the risk to leave and let go of what little he already has.

Their situation seems similar to many of us who drive by on their ramp. We own cars and live in houses, but many of us are still stranded in one situation or another. Some of us are stranded in painful relationships. Some of us are stranded in dead end jobs or in mindless routines. Some of us are stranded on Interstate ramps. Maybe the common thread is our inability to take our own version of risk that threatens what little we have.

Sparky, another member of the 15-501 panhandling community, told me he has been standing on I-40 with a sign since 1991. I asked, "How long are you going to do this?" He said, "Only three more years. Then I'm going to retire." He sounded just like countless other people who tread water while waiting for retirement. Maybe we avoid eye contact with the panhandlers because we do not want to face what we have in common.


Homeless - Stranded, & Need Help

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Thursday, December 8, 2011

Qutub Minar - The Tower of Power

!: Qutub Minar - The Tower of Power

INTRODUCTION:
Qutub-Minar made of red and buff sandstone is one of the highest stone towers in the world. Built in the 13th century, the magnificent tower stands in the Indian capital of Delhi. Characterised by humungous proportions, the tower has a diameter of 14.32m at the base and about 2.75m on the top with a height of 72.5m and has 379 steps towards the top. An architectural marvel of the medieval period, it was built to commemorate the victory of invading Islamic armies over the native Hindu rulers.

Like most of the monuments built during the Muslim rule in India, Qutub Minar is located within a complex that consists of other important monuments like the iconic Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, the Alai Darwaza, tombs of important personalities of the time like Iltutmish, Ala-ud-din Khilji, Imam Zamin, the awe-inspiring Iron Pillar and; the unfinished rival of Qutub Minar- the Alai Minar etc. Considering its strategic status in the Indian history, the UNESCO declared it a world heritage monument.

LOCATION:
While a visit to the Qutub Minar complex is a must visit for tourists, many do not understand its context. Arguably one of the most pivotal monuments, it symbolizes the continuity of invading powers in India and the Minar is inevitably associated with the ascension of Muslim rule in India. It was constructed to overwhelm and subdue the native populace. As a visible and potent symbol of power, it continues to play an axis role in the Indian political psyche.
Even before the arrival of the invaders, Delhi has had a long history. The remains found during archeological excavations in Delhi and adjoining regions have pushed its identifiable history back to pre-historic period. Though its fortune seems to have fluctuated intermittently, the site seems to have been continuously inhabited from early times. The most important reason for its fame has been its association with the Indian epic "The Mahabharatha". According to popular legends, main characters of the epic including the protagonist Krishna & the members of the Pandava family lived here in their fabled capital Indraprastha. There was a village by the same name located near the Old Fort or Purana Quila till the early 20th century. However, hard archeological evidence to support the presence of Indraprastha has remained elusive. For the simple minded, evidence is a matter of conjecture-They believe this was the land where their God Krishna lived among the mortals. This very association places Delhi at the psycho-geographical cross road in India.

There are various versions regarding the founding of Delhi including a story about a king called Dillu who named the place "Dilli" or Delhi. The most accepted version says that Its founder was the Tomar king Anangpal. Archeological evidence suggests that the Tomar clan ruled the area from 700AD. They were based out of Suraj Kund now located in Haryana state. In Delhi, the rulers constructed the fort (naturally Hindu) called the Lal Kot. Lal Kot stands for the red city or the Red Fortress. In the medieval times Rajput clans were vying with each other for territory and the north western India Including Ajmer, Sambhar & the area constituting Delhi came under the suzerainty of the Chauhan (Chahamana) Rajput Clan. The ruler Prithviraj Chauhan ruled the Delhi and its surrounding areas. Considering the symbolic importance of Lalkot, Prithviraj expanded the fortress city and branded the newer parts as Quila-Rai-Pithora.

The area comprising Lalkot & Quila-Rai-Pithora remained symbolic of an imperial Hindu past. This area was deliberately chosen by Qutb-ud-din Aibak the general who led the invasion on behalf of Mohammad Ghori to build the Quwwat- ul- Islam Mosque & the Qutub Minar. The construction of these monuments and the presence of the leaders of Invasion in it transformed Delhi's fortunes and it was branded as the crux of legitimate political power. Every sultan who came after Aibak wanted to own this piece of land for political legitimacy. Most of them tried to leave behind organised permanent structures mostly in the form of a city including the last colonial force on Indian soil-the British. There were a total of eight cities built in Delhi. They are:

(1) LALKOT & its extension Quila-Rai-Pithora, built by the Rajput Kings.
(2) SIRI-built by Alauddin Khilji
(3) TUGHLAQABAD-built by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
(4) JAHANPANAH-built by Muhammad bin Tughlaq
(5) FEROZ SHAH KOTLA-built by Feroz Shah Tughlaq
(6) PURANA QUILA-built by Sher Shah Suri
(7) SHAHJAHANABAD-built by Mughal Emperor ShahJahan (He was also the builder of Taj Mahal)
(8) NEW DELHI-Built by the British

ARCHITECTURE & ITS ASSOCIATIONS WITH POWER:
Power-relationships are omnipresent in this world and such relationships exist across all species. The underlying objective of a "power-relationship" is to acquire the ability of one entity to influence the behaviour of another. In humans chasing this power seems to be an overwhelming compulsion. Architecture has always been used by political rulers to emphasize their power and to overwhelm masses reminding them about the futility of rebelling against imperial might. Monumental architecture involves deliberate play with solids and void to plan space in order to influence mass behaviour. In earlier times it was one of the effective ways of the state to exert control.

The role that architecture has played in public life throughout history, whether in homage to an individual or as a monument to an institution or ideology, has always been a potent symbol of wealth, status and power. From castles to cathedrals, from the pyramids to palaces, architecture has been used effectively to glorify in some way the animating ideal of the time. Visual stimuli always act from a certain distance & architecture demands sensory involvement imprinting powerful visual images in the mind of the viewer thus resulting in "sensory intensification" affecting perception. Perception being a dynamic phenomenon is a malleable concept and is influenced by both psychological and physical symbols. Ingrained with the tendency to change over time, perception can be actively influenced by architecture.

Colonial architectural monuments in India reveal the aesthetic preferences of the ruler, his aspirations & power struggles and material culture of a society. Medieval architecture in India serves as a medium to understand the constant struggle of a society that was being pulled apart by two opposite and strong religio-cultural forces: that of the inhabitants' and the conquerors. These buildings were the outcome of complex totalities fundamentally motivated by religion, ideology and politics. They were spectacular manifestations of state manipulation of a visual culture. Building monuments remained an important part of the political agenda of a multitude of conquerors. Formal architecture like mosques, tombs, palaces, forts and utilitarian structures like bridges, dams etc played important roles in unifying land & its inhabitants under the ever-changing dynasties. Spectacular buildings directly and indirectly served the current dynasty in power. Triumphal structures like Qutub Minar constructed by Victors wear testimonies to their great military power. Most of the rulers being Muslims had to keep emphasizing their commitment to the principles of their religion in order to retain the loyalty of their soldiers. Religion and politics being interrelated concepts, the associations with authority were an important rationale for the proliferation of mosques in India. Destruction of temples & building of mosques in their place was a clear testament of the ruler's dedication to Islam. Analysis of medieval Indian architecture including the Qutub Minar Complex demonstrates how the organization of the space and the disposition of the buildings created almost a symbolic map of Islamic power.

POLITICAL CONTEXT:
Though in the earlier times, the concept of a political India did not exist, there were various factors including geographical, cultural, religious and political factors that lend it a semblance of unity including a common religion. This subcontinent was administered by rulers both small and big whose writ ran within their political boundaries. India was rich yet, has a fragmented political landscape making it a temptation for invaders. Many have invaded the land including Alexander the great. Most of these invaders looted and returned to their homelands or settled down in India eventually losing their distinctiveness and becoming one with the inhabitants.

It was the ascent of the ambitious Mohammad Ghori in Afghanistan that became a game changer. Ghori wanted to enlarge his kingdom and chose to cross the Hindu-Kush Mountains to nibble at the borders of the Indian Sub Continent. His incursions began in 1175 AD. He did meet with resistance and he won and lost territory. He conquered Multan and then tried to do the same with the region that more or less constitutes the contemporary Gujarat region. He was unsuccessful in taking Gujarat. In subsequent attacks, he conquered the Peshawar region and built a fort at Sialkot in 1181 AD. He cobbled an alliance with the King Jayadev that enabled him to put an end to the rule of the Ghazni Dynasty in Punjab and seize Lahore in 1186 AD. These successes fuelled Mohammad Ghori's appetite for more land. A larger stake in India now seemed a reality for Ghori. His acquisitions had brought the conqueror closer to the borders of the land ruled by the warrior king-Prithviraj Chauhan. Prithviraj belonged to the powerful Rajput clan that ruled the most powerful kingdom in northern India.

PRITHVI RAJ CHAUHAN:
Prithvi Raj Chauhan, (1166-1192 AD) belonged to the Chauhan (Chahamana) dynasty and ruled Delhi and its adjoining areas. His clan ruled one of the most extensive kingdom that included Ajmer, Sambhar and Delhi in northern India during the latter half of the 12th century. The Chauhans consolidated their kingdom by conquering & amalgamating neighboring kingdoms including the Chandela Rajputs of Bundelkhand. Chauhan rule it included much of northwest India including contemporary Rajasthan, Haryana, parts of Uttar Pradesh, and Punjab. Arguably, Prithviraj was one of the most powerful kings in northern India.

Known for his ambition and courage, his military exploits made him a legend during his lifetime. His daring kidnap and subsequent marriage to Princess Samyuktha, the daughter of Jai Chandra Rathod, the king of Kannauj is a part of popular romance. His life and death were romanticized & celebrated in the epic poem "Prithviraja Raso" written by his close associate and Courtier Chand Bardai. Prithviraj Chauhan was the last independent Hindu king to sit upon the throne of Delhi.

THE BATTLES OF TARAIN (1191 & 1192):
Having come close to Prithviraj's dominions, in 1191, Mohammad Ghori captured a fortress in Batinda region. Ghori couldn't hold temptation and sounded the bugle of war with Prithviraj. He faced a tough adversary in Prithviraj. The Rajput army was led by Govindaraj-the vassal of the king. The two armies met at the town of Tarain or Taraori near Thanesar located in contemporary Haryana State approximately 150 Kms north of Delhi. In this war, Prithviraj was able to create a coalition of contemporary rulers including King Jayadeva-the ruler of Kannauj. Ghori came across unexpected resistance and lost the battle terribly. It is said that he was severely wounded and barely escaped the battlefield with the help of a water bearer.

Ghori felt insulted and craved revenge. He did not have the reputation of being an intelligent general. Till he turned to India, he was known more for his defeats than military successes. He more than made-up for his weaknesses with his zeal. India was meant to be a redemption point for him. Despite a humiliating defeat, he returned in the next year 1192. This time, however circumstances favored him and he was able to win the battle and what a decisive win it was! The second battle of Tarain was pivotal in the politico-military history of India. It was the beginning of loss of political power for its rulers and its inhabitants. The decisive defeat of Prithviraj who had the aura of a daring superhero had a spiraling effect. Having tasted blood, Ghori's armies suddenly turned into Machines of destruction and victory. The army marched forward and reached virtually unchallenged towards Ajmer. Disheartened by the defeat of their contemporary, Rajput kingdoms like Saraswati, Samana, Hansi, Kohram fell without making the aggressors sweat much. After these successes, the Ghurid army turned its attention to Delhi and captured it too. Just about a year after his victory in the second battle of Tarain, Mohammad Ghori controlled much of northern and central India including sumptuous portions of Rajasthan and the fertile Ganges-Yamuna Doab area. Ghori's Indian possessions were organised with Delhi as the pivot. Delhi saw itself emerging into political limelight. The limelight added glamour to the land and began its metamorphosis. This small piece of land was permanently associated with the notion of power.

Ghori was not "blessed" with heirs. In the medieval period, slaves were an integral part of an emperor's life. The slaves played crucial roles including helping their Lords maintain and expand their empires. Considering their important roles, the slaves were well trained in various aspects including warfare. Many slaves rose to positions of importance based on their exhibited capabilities. The role they played in Ghori's political matrix is highlighted in his reply to a courtier's lament that he didn't have heirs: "Other monarchs may have a son or two; but I have thousands of them (the slaves). They will be the heirs of my kingdom and after me will take care of the task of preserving my name in the khutbah (political speech delivered after the Friday prayers) throughout my territories. After the assassination of Mohammad Ghori, his slaves divided his territory among themselves after his death.

The battle for Indian territories was led by Ghori's capable & ruthless general Qutub-ud-din Aibak. He was a slave of his king and had to wait till his assassination in Afghanistan to free himself. Once freed, Aibak declared himself the ruler of Ghori's Indian possessions and established the "Mamluk" or slave Dynasty in 1206. The Mamluk dynasty was the first among the dynasties that went on to be known as the "Sultanate of Delhi". The importance of the ascension of Aibak may be understood in the words of Paul K. Davis who writes: "Though Islam was introduced into India several centuries previously, after this battle a Moslem ruled India, especially northern India, until the fall of the Moghul Dynasty in 1857".

The construction of Qutub Minar played a vital role in the entrenchment of rule of Islamic kings in India. Its construction was well planned and symbolizes the domination of invading powers in India. The story of Qutub Minar is inevitably associated with the beginning of political imperialism in India.

THE MATRIX:
The soldiers of Ghori entered a territory that was inhabited by people who followed a religion that was anathema to their religious beliefs. They appeared strange in their beliefs, manners and psychological make-up. With their king (Prithviraj Chauhan) dead and the sudden shift in political leadership, the chances of the new victors' ability to settle down in the new territory remained slim. Atrocities by itself might not have guaranteed success thus along with barbarity, Aibak used the most important and time tested tool to play with the minds of his "subjects"-RELIGION.

QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM MOSQUE:
Even before he officially took over the reins as sultan, Aibak laid the foundation of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. One of the prime reasons for its speedy construction was the invaders desperate need for a prescribed place of worship in the new lands. The first Mosque to be built in Delhi after the Islamic conquest of India, it remains the oldest surviving example of Ghurid architecture in the subcontinent. Built on a raised and paved courtyard, measuring 141 ft. X 105 ft, It is a simple structure surrounded by pillared cloisters. The main mosque comprises of an inner and outer courtyard, of which an exquisite colonnade, the pillars of which are made of richly, surrounds the inner decorated shafts.

Sounds simple? Read on. The mosque was built on the foundations of the largest Vishnu temple within the vicinity of Lalkot. The eentrance to the courtyard used ornate mandap dome from temples & pillars extensively throughout the edifice. These were obtained from the 27 Hindu & Jaina temples nearby destroyed and plundered to construct the mosque. It was also constructed by captive Hindu masons. It is, therefore, not surprising that the Muslim mosque has typical Hindu ornamentation.

Immediately after the site for the mosque was selected, Aibak began the destruction. For his weary troops who had travelled with far from their motherland, this destruction was symbolic of to the destruction of idols in Kabaa by Prophet Mohammad (PBUH). By this act, he endeared himself to his soldiers presenting himself as a ghazi or religious warrior. Aibak also made a huge statement to the native inhabitants. His destruction of their sacred spaces symbolized the powerlessness of their pagan Gods. The iconoclastic tendencies of the invaders are evident even today at the site as the carvings of gods and godlings on pillars have been crudely disfigured. Yet in creating a worship place for a religion that was diametrically dissimilar to natives, a power statement was made-"My god is more powerful than yours". Interpreting it in contemporary terms "this was great propaganda".

Visible to masses and understood by them for its simplistic symbolism, the first Islamic structure within the Qutub Complex, "Quwwat-ul-Islam" (meaning "might of Islam") mosque majestically stood as a symbol of dominance. It stood for the ability of the invader to wipe-out the familiar and comforting skylines of Delhi thereby creating sensory-deprivation to its inhabitants. This was done to break the spirit of the inhabitants and reduce or impair any chances of rebellion. In order to proclaim his intentions loud and clear, Aibak unabashedly put-up an inscription in Persian on the inner eastern gateway that "the mosque was built by the parts taken by destruction of twenty-seven Hindu and Jaina temples". Either due to paucity of time, convenience or deliberately, the plinth of the temple built by the Hindu kings were left intact created the illusion of a dominant mosque within the perimeters of a temple (of the defeated people). In an asymmetrical merger, the powerful illusion of an aggressive religion taking over an intense but non-aggressive religion was complete. This mosque remained the symbol of Islamic domination. This association was powerful and subsequent sultans also wanted to have a stake in its symbolism. It was expanded by Shams-ud-din Iltutmish and Alauddin Khilji.

Overall, Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque is reminiscent in style and design of the Arhai-din-ka Jhompra or Ajmer mosque at Ajmer, Rajasthan, also built by Aibak during the same time, also constructed by demolishing earlier temples and a Sanskrit school, at the site.

QUTUB MINAR:
In its finished state, the Minar is a symbol of architectural perfection and is known to have no parallel in the world. The foundation of Qutub Minar was laid in A.D. 1199. The tallest stone minaret in the world is clearly inspired by many other structures found in the Islamic world including the Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan. The Qutub Minar has five distinct storeys, each marked by a projecting balcony carried on muqarnas corbel. Qutub Minar went on to be one of the most important "Towers of Victory" in the Islamic world.

The construction of Qutub Minar seems to have begun at the same time as the mosque but its completion took far longer than the Mosque. While the story of the construction of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque spread far and wide, its visual impact was point- blank meaning people who saw it, was impacted by its sheer proportions and symbolic meaning. The Minar was a more potent symbol that could have a mass-visual impact as it was positioned as the Qutub, an axis or pole of Islam. It could be seen from far. It has been suggested by many scholars that the original purpose of building Qutub Minar was to facilitate the mu'azzin (crier) to call believers for prayer. Considering the height of the Minar, it would take a superbly fit & athletic Mu'azzin to climb the 379 steps five times a day.

Aibak lived only to see the completion of the first storey. Other three storeys were built by his son in law and successor Iltutmish. Qutub Minar served as the tower of victory-the victory of Islamic warriors against the predominantly Hindu, Jaina & Buddhist Inhabitants who couldn't stand up to the might of their conquerors. The balcony on the first floor of the Minar which could have been used by the mu'azzin to call the faithful for prayers. A loud mu'azzin calling the faithful could be heard for quite a distance five times a day, reminding the conquered their altered status.

Originally Qutub Minar comprised of only four storeys made up of red and buff sandstone. When the top floor (fourth) was damaged due to lightning strike, Feroz Shah Tughlaq the then reigning sultan ordered repairs in 1368. He replaced the damaged uppermost storey with the two marble stories (a way of gaining permanent stake in its construction). Thus today the Minar stands grandly with five floors.

Iron Pillar:
The Iron Pillar is located within the courtyard of the Qutub Complex. It is one of the world's foremost metallurgical curiosities with an estimated weight of the decorative bell of the pillar is 646 kg. The main body weighs 5865 kg taking the weight of the pillar to 6,511 kg. It rises to a height of 7.20 m, with 93 cm buried below the present floor level. The reason for awe and wonder is that despite being made of iron and exposed to vagaries of nature for over 1000 years, it has not rusted thus, representing an excellent example of advanced metallurgy of those times. Recent researches have suggested that the metal that constitutes the pillar is pure malleable iron. Its unrusted state has also fuelled myths. It is believed that one who can encircle the entire column with their arms, with their back towards the pillar, can have their wish granted.

The iron pillar is clearly a Hindu structure. It bears inscription in Brahmi script prevalent from the fourth century A.D. Recent research suggests that it was probably relocated from a different location. It is estimated that it was set up as a Vishnudhvaja (standard of god Vishnu) on the hill known as Vishnupada in memory of a mighty king named Chandra most probably Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (375-414 AD). originally erected in front of a Vishnu Temple complex at Udayagiri around 402 AD, It has a deep socket on the top of the ornate capital indicates that probably an image of Garuda was fixed into it as was common practice. There are two stories about it. One story says that it was brought to Delhi by Anangpal, the founder Delhi. Most of the evidence supporting this story has been gleaned from legends. There seems to be a consensus among researchers that it was Iltutmish who shifted the pillar from Udayagiri to its present location around 1233 AD.

TOMB OF ILTUTMISH:
To build ones own tombs within politically significant physical spaces was considered to be a great and rare honour. Thus, such opportunities for anybody other than the ruler himself, his blood relatives or spiritual guide was denied. As the true consolidator of the Delhi Sultanate, Iltutmish claimed this privilege as his right. The tomb of Iltutmish (A.D. 1211-36) was built in A.D. 1235. It is a plain square chamber of red sandstone, profusely carved with inscriptions, geometrical and arabesque patterns in Saracenic tradition on the entrances and the whole of interior. The central chamber is a 9 mt sq. and has squinches, suggesting the existence of a dome, which has since collapsed. The cenotaph, in white marble is place on a raised platform in the centre of the chamber. The tomb is ornately carved including the façade and interior walls. The west wall in the tomb has a mihrab decorated with marble, and constitutes rich carvings such as bell-and-chain, tassel, lotus, diamond emblems etc.

TOMB OF ALA-UD-DIN KHILJI:
Located at the back of the Qutb Minar complex, southwest of the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Ala-ud-din -Khilji's tomb is located within the remains of an L-shaped construction. The tomb has been dated to 1316 AD. In its vicinity lies a madarsa or Islamic seminary built by him. Khilji was a powerful conqueror and the second Sultan of Delhi from Khilji dynasty, who ruled from 1296 to 1316 AD. The central room of the building, where his tomb is open to the sky having lost its dome. Many rooms of the seminary or college are intact, and since been restored. This is also the first example in India where a tomb is located beside a madarsa. In keeping with his reputation as a conqueror, ala-ud-din styled himself as the second Sikander (Alexander). He was known to be a megalomaniac as well as an orthodox Muslim. It was but natural that he claimed his place in the unique symbol of Islamic Victory in Hindustan.

ALAI DARWAZA:
Alai- Darwaza, the southern gateway of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque was constructed by Ala-ud-Din Khalji in A.D. 1311 as recorded in the inscriptions engraved on it. This building employs Islamic principles of construction and ornamentation including true arches and true domes. It is decorated with red sandstone and inlaid with white marble decorations, inscriptions in Naskh script; latticed stone screens and showcases the remarkable craftsmanship of the Turkish artisans who worked on it. It is considered to be one of the most important buildings built in the Delhi sultanate period. With its pointed arches and spearhead of fringes, identified as lotus buds, it adds grace to the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque to which it served as an entrance.

ALAI MINAR:
The unfinished tower of Ala-ud-din Khilji, Alai Minar stands to the north of Qutub-Minar. He wanted to rival the Qutub Minar and planned its construction in such a manner that once finished, it would be double the size of Qutub Minar. Alai Minar symbolizes the megalomania of its patron Ala-ud-din Khilji who clearly understood the symbolic importance of the Qutub Minar. Ala-ud-din Khilji no doubt was a great conqueror. He expanded his territory towards the southern parts of India. He conceived a very ambitious construction programme after his returned in triumph from his Deccan campaign. He started the construction of Alai Minar, after he had doubled the size of Quwwat ul-Islam mosque. He wanted his tower to be two times higher than Qutb Minar in proportion with his enlarged mosque. After his death, work on the Minar was abandoned and its rump stands at an extant height of 25 m.

EPILOGUE:
During the Islamic rule, iconoclasm was a part and parcel of political administration. It was done for political gains or was an outcome of intolerance. These acts did have powerful political outcomes. The contemporary historian should interpret these acts keeping in mind the sensitivities of the time. Most of the conquerors including the Romans destroyed the worship places of their rivals. This does not mean ratifying such brutal acts but to interpret them by understanding that in those times these tactics were common. The idea here is to learn how domination was achieved in the medieval period and how monumental architecture played a crucial role in this political matrix.


Qutub Minar - The Tower of Power

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Friday, December 2, 2011

Poulan 952802360 8 amp 1.5 HP Electric Pole Pruner with 10-Inch Bar and Chain, Boom Telescopes up to 8 Feet

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This 1.5 Peak hp electric tree pruner is perfect for small cutting jobs close to your house or power outlet. This model comes with 10" bar and adjustable extension boom for extended reach. The pruner can be detached from the extension boom and used as an electric chain saw.

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Friday, November 18, 2011

McCulloch MCC4516FK 16-Inch 4.5-Hoprsepower Electric Chain Saw with Case

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McCulloch MCC4516FK 16-Inch 4.5-Hoprsepower Electric Chain Saw with Case

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Monday, November 14, 2011

Troy-Bilt TBPS57 8-Inch 20 Volt Lithium-Ion Cordless Electric Pole Saw

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Features a 8-Inch 20 Volt L-Ion pole saw only, 8-Inch Oregon low kickback B&C and manual chain adjustment. This model has a automatic oiler.

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Friday, November 11, 2011

A to Z Glossary of Circus Skills and Juggling Equipment Prop Definitions

!: A to Z Glossary of Circus Skills and Juggling Equipment Prop Definitions

This glossary contains simple descriptions of props you are likely to find if you attend a Juggling / Circus Skills Workshop. "Juggling" in a general sense can refer to all forms of object manipulation such as diabolo, devilsticks, spinning plates etc, so it is more than just the art of throwing multiple objects in the air at the same time!

Astrojax - A toy that contains 3 balls on a string. One ball is fixed to each end of the string and the middle ball is free to slide between the two end balls. This skill toy allows you to do a combination of juggling, yo-yo and lasso tricks. It was invented in 1987.

Bar Flair - The practice of bartenders entertaining their guests while mixing drinks (such as cocktails) using bottles, cocktail shakers etc. "Flair" can include juggling and flipping the bottles, catching in the shaker cups etc. This skill became popular when seen on the 1988 film "Cocktail" starring Tom Cruise and on Britain's Got Talent where the Bar Wizards made it all the way to the Grand Final in 2007.

Beach Flingo - A game where you pass a small ball between yourself and a partner using a bib that is made of trampoline type fabric. Very addictive and you can use these bibs to play volleyball or for a massive group game of keepy-uppy's!

Bounce (Floor) Juggling - The art of bouncing balls off the floor in various juggling patterns.

Cigar Box Manipulation - Three rectangular shaped boxes which resemble cigar boxes but are much more solid. They are usually padded at the edges with a felt-like material. The basic tricks involve holding the two outer boxes, trapping one box in the middle (known as the "home position") and then manipulating the middle box in various directions. W. C. Fields popularised this prop, and it gained popularity in the UK when Kris Kremo performed expertly with them on TV's The Generation Game Christmas Special in 1993.

Club (Juggling) - One of the main juggling props. It consists of a handle and a body. You throw from the handle so that the club completes one or more spins before you catch by the handle once again. Referred to as "pins" and "skittles" by our American buddies or "torches" if they are set alight!

Club Rolling - When you roll a club on the floor, it will roll in a perfect circle. This allows many fantastic and interesting patterns to be created with 3 or 6 clubs.

Club Swinging - The swinging of two clubs around the body, arms and legs. This is a form of Contact Juggling as the props stay in contact with the performer at all times.

Contact Juggling - a form of object manipulation where one or more objects stay in contact with the body (hands, feet etc) at all times. The most common form of contact juggling is using a ball (usually an acrylic or stage ball). This was made popular in the film Labyrinth. Other props you can contact juggle with include Poi Spinning, Club Swinging & Pen Spinning.

Diabolo - A large hourglass shaped object which can be spun and caught on a string between two handsticks. The name is derived from a Greek verb meaning "'to throw across". Multiple diabolo's can be spun on a string, and the possibilities for this prop keep on expanding every year with new people pushing the boundaries!

Devilstick (also known as devil stick, rhythm sticks, lunastix etc) - This consists of 2 handsticks (coated in rubber/silicone) and a larger stick in the middle which is manipulated in hundreds of different ways. Flowersticks have tassles on the end which allow it to move a bit slower in the air (making tricks easier to learn).

Feather Balancing - One of the easiest objects to balance as they move so slowly in the air. Peacock and Ostrich feathers are ideal. Try balancing on your hand, finger, chin, nose etc.

Fire Juggler/Juggling - Many of the Circus Skills props featured in this glossary have versions with wicks you can soak in fuel (such as paraffin) and light on fire. The main fire props include Fire Poi, Fire Staff, Fire Devilstick, Fire Diabolo, Fire Clubs and even Fire Balls (you may need kevlar gloves to be able to juggle these!)

Giraffe - Tall unicycle (usually between 5-6ft) where the pedals & wheel are connected by a chain. It can actually be easier to ride than a normal sized Unicycle as long as you aren't scared of heights!

Glow Juggler/Juggling - Many of the Circus Skills props featured in this glossary have versions which you can light up. The more expensive glow props will even let you programme light sequences! Most common glow props include Glow Poi, Glow Balls, Glow Diabolo, Glow Devilstick, Glow Rings, Glow Clubs & Glow Staff.

Hat Manipulation/Juggling - Throwing and catching one or more hats using hands, feet, body and head. Tricks usually finish with the hat being thrown or placed back on the performers head.

Jitter-Ring / Gyro Ring - The Jitter ring is really just 5 little tops of slightly unusual design which are strung onto a metal ring so that they can freely spin. The discs can spin up to 1000 rpm! Makes a very pleasing rattling spinning noise.

Kendama - Traditional Japanese toy which consists of a ball on a string, a spike and several different sized cups. It bears some resemblance to the classic cup and ball game but is much more difficult!

Parasol - The rolling of an object such as a ball, coin, juggling ring or box on an Oriental parasol (which looks like a very delicate umbrella).

Pedal Racers / Fun Wheels - Fun toys with wheels that are great for learning balance.

Pen Spinning - If you have ever been bored at work/school & started turning a pen (or pencil) between your fingers, then you have been pen spinning! Lots of skilful tricks can be learned. This is a form of contact juggling, as the object stays in contact with your body at all times.

Plate Manipulation - the manipulation of plates all around the body with hands, arms, feet and body.

Plate Spinning - The art of spinning a plate (or bowl) on a stick (or pole).

Poi Spinning - Poi is a weighted object (such as a ball or beanbag) suspended from a rope or chain. You hold the other end of the rope/chain and can swing the poi in many different directions. This originates from the Maori people of New Zealand where "poi" simply means ball.

Rings (Juggling) - Flat circles of Plastic with a hole in the middle. A common item to juggle with and is considered easier than club juggling when it comes to learning with more than 3 as the rings are so thin that they are less likely to collide with each other and they are easier to stack/hold in your hands.

Rola Bola (aka Balance Board, teeter board, bongo board, rolla-bolla etc) - This consists of a round tube (such as a PVC pipe) and a board that is strong enough to hold your weight when placed on top of the tube for you to balance on. It is like a one man see-saw! Once you master the basics, then you can learn to juggle on top of the rola-bola to add a bit of danger and excitement to your performance!

Scarves (Juggling) - A square of fabric (such as chiffon). This can be the ideal way for a child/beginner to learn the basic tricks if they are having problems learning using juggling balls. This is because the scarves float gently in the air, and you have more time to put your hands in the right place to catch them (and you can catch any part of the scarf)! Simple tricks include blowing the scarf back up in the air, letting the scarf land gently over your head!

Shaker Cups - Shaker cups are also called nesting cups, as they are cups that are designed in such a way so as you can catch (nest) them inside each other. They are designed in such a way as not to stick or wedge themselves together when caught, so the inside cup is ready for release again. This is possibly the noisiest prop in a jugglers performance bag, as they are made from metal and make a huge noise when they clatter together!

Speedcups (aka Flashcups) - 12 brightly coloured cups which can be stacked in a variety of different patterns and sequences. There are Sport Stacking competitions where people compete against the clock or another person. The patterns are usually with pyramids of 3, 6 or 10 cups.

Toothbrush Twirling - Using a rubber/silicone devilstick handstick, you can hang the toothbrush from the stick and twirl it round. You can use multiple toothbrushes on one stick and have a stick in each hand. A fantastic & extremely silly activity that is a great warm-up at the beginning of a Circus Skills workshop. A toothbrush with an angled head is best! Toothbrush can also be spun on the finger, but it is best to wet your finger and the toothbrush first to give it a bit extra grip!

Unicycle - Looks like a bike but with only one wheel and no handlebars! Most likely heckle if you are riding a unicycle will be "where's the other wheel". You can always reply "it's on back order" unless you are two tyred of such puns!

Walking/Balancing Ladder - An extra wide ladder which you can balance on, and then learn to walk along the ground moving the feet of the ladder (one step at a time)! You can also balance on the top rung (one leg at each side of the ladder) and start juggling while walking along.

Walking Globe - Large ball that a performer balances on top of. Various gymnastic and juggling stunts can be performed while the ball is kept moving. You have to walk backwards to roll the ball forwards!

Yo-yo - Pocket-size toy that consists of a length of string attached to a flat spool. The spool moves up and down the string allowing you to attempt several well known tricks such as "walking the dog" and "cat's cradle". The yo-yo has been around since the time of the Ancient Greeks.


A to Z Glossary of Circus Skills and Juggling Equipment Prop Definitions

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Tuesday, November 8, 2011

Riding the Rails in Rockhill Furnace, Pennsylvania

!: Riding the Rails in Rockhill Furnace, Pennsylvania

Tucked into the pocket of a pair of hundred-year-old railroad engineer coveralls, you are instantly returned to an era of vintage rail transportation here. Like triumphantly raised arms, two silver smokestacks proclaim their victory over time, which otherwise seems suspended by the sprawling, wooden, red-painted shop complex surrounding it, modified by not a single nail since it first rose from the ground. A cobweb of tracks, imbedded in the artery which divides the twin boroughs of Rockhill Furnace and Orbisonia, merges into three in front of the depot, which bears the latter's name, departure point for one of three daily, narrow-gauge, steam locomotive-pulled trains operating as the East Broad Top Railroad. The clang of a bell, rung across the street, indicates the arrival of a bright red trolley car from the opposite direction.

Tourists ride the rails today; coal miners rode them yesterday.

Cradled by Blacklog Mountain and both Saddleback and Sandy Ridges, the area, then undeveloped, beckoned prospectors with its natural resources, consisting of agricultural land, water, timber, coal, and iron, the Blacklog Creek both feeding and leading them to what would become its twin boroughs.

Initially serving as a Native American campsite and hunting ground, as evidenced by archeological traces found at Sandy Ridge, the area first took root in 1754 when land was purchased from Six Nations, and the first road, mimicking the original Indian path and fostering westward expansion of settlers, was created 33 yeas later, stretching between Burnt Cabins in the south and Huntingdon in the north.

Bedford Furnace, the area's first village, evolved from a trading post in 1760. Providing both a sense of location and permanence, it attracted the first white settler, George Erwin, who established a trading post in a log cabin, shipping goods over narrow, wilderness-tunneling trails and exchanging them with travelers and Native Americans alike.

Placing the initial pin into the map, the Bedford Furnace Company established a charcoal furnace in order to be able to produce iron in 1785, sparking growth in the Juniata Valley and serving as the first of many to eventually characterize it.

Rockhill Furnace Number 1, built in 1831 by Thomas Diven and William Morrison south of the town in Blacklog Narrows, replaced the smaller, original plant, while Winchester Furnace, the third such ironworks, rose a few hundred yards away.

Abandoned in 1850 after a less-than-prosperous reign, it was joined seven years later by furnace Number 1 when area deforestation depleted the timber necessary for iron smelting charcoal, although the Civil War once again-albeit temporarily-re-lit its fires.

A mortgage foreclosure preceded its purchase in 1867, but its resurrection now hinged upon a fuel source to feed it. The needed pot of gold at the end of the rainbow-or, in this case, on top of the rainbow-came in the form of coal discovered on Broad Top Mountain. What was now required was a method to transport it from its summit-located mines to the iron furnaces in the east.

East Broad Top Railroad:

During the early-1850s, Pennsylvania's Juniata Valley began to sprout rails.

The single track of Pennsylvania Central Railways, thread through the narrow mountain passes and along the Juniata River, connected Lewistown and Huntingdon, for the first time offering a non-aquatic, intrastate transportation alternative to the Public Work's Main Line Canal. The Pennsylvania Railroad's own all-rail line soon grew branches throughout the Allegheny Mountains, allowing it to penetrate hills and valleys in order to collect and haul the region's riches in the form of lumber and coal. Track laid between 1853 and 1854 enabled the Huntingdon and Broad Top Railway to surmount its very namesaked incline on the west side. But rail access remained a void on its east.

Although the necessary charter for such a rail line had been granted on April 16, 1856, several proposals-and 14 years-ensued before a group of Philadelphia businessmen, spurred by the Civil War's cry for additional track to move troops and supplies, collected the required capital to construct one, forming, with the aid of the still-born charter, the East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company on July 3, 1871. It was decided, from the outset, to employ three-foot, narrow gauge track in order to reduce construction and operating costs and facilitate tighter turns.

The first track was put to bed on September 16 of the following year and its first locomotive, a 17.5-ton, wood-burning, narrow-gauge 2-6-0 built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia and named the "Edward Roberts," was delivered a year after that.

Like a journey of time, track-laying could be measured by the calendar, the first 11 miles of it reaching Rockhill Furnace on August 30, 1873, ascending Sideling and Wrays Hills before arriving in Robertsdale the following year-all for the purpose of transporting coal and forestry products from Broad Top Mountain to Mount Union, its southern terminus, for transfer to standard-gauge Pennsylvania Railroad trains.

The original village of Rockhill Furnace, taking shape round the iron furnaces a half-mile from the current depot on the banks of Blacklog Creek, progressively expanded.

The fleet equally multiplied when three 26-ton Baldwin Consolidation engines were acquired between late-1873 and early-1874, the same year that the Robertsdale-mined coal was first rail-transported to Rockhill Furnace to fuel the blast furnaces now taken over by the newly-formed Rockhill Iron and Coal Company to ultimately produce pig iron.

As a town, Rockhill Furnace took initial form as a dual-stack iron furnace and collection of coke ovens, which expanded into the East Broad Top Railroad shop complex lining the Jordan Creek-a veritable pocket of self-sufficiency.

Occupying the farmland purchased for the complex and employing the original, still-existent stone farmhouse for its administrative offices, the soon-sprawling plant's gears were turned by means of its steam-powered overhead shafts and belts, with additional electricity and compressed air generated by its boiler plant, pumping current, like flowing blood, to its foundry and machine, car, and blacksmith shops. Its brick roundhouse, eventually encompassing eight stalls, facilitated alignment with the needed track, provided light locomotive maintenance, and served as a storage shed, while heavy repairs occurred in the machine shop. Commodities necessary for steam engine operation, including water, coal, and sand, were stored throughout the complex, which itself was capable of the locomotive repair and maintenance functions themselves, as well as rolling stock manufacture and the production of forgings, castings, and machine parts for both the railroad and the mines it accessed.

The yard's wye, formed by track from Mount Union and crossing Meadow Street (Pennsylvania Route 994) just past the Orbisonia depot, facilitated intra-complex car movement, storage positioning, and train configuration, providing access to either Alvan or the Shade Gap Branch, depending upon car orientation.

Indeed, the shop complex served as one of many links in a chain, none of which could have existed without the other, inclusive of the area's natural resources giving rise to the iron smelting industry, the railroad needed to transport the coal to fuel it, the shops to manufacture and maintain its equipment, and the town arising to support the workforce which turned its gears.

Its fleet initially encompassed two passenger coaches, two baggage cars, and 176 freight and coal hopper cars.

From the mainline, which extended from Robertsdale to Woodvale in 1891 and Alvan in 1916, spur tracks spread like arteries from a central vein as additional mines were bored, resulting in the Shade Gap, Shade Valley, Booher Mine, Rocky Ridge, Number 7 and Number 8, Coles Valley, and NARCO branches, and the Shirleysburg clay spur.

With progressive expansion and prosperity, the East Broad Top Railroad began to carry passengers over and above the standard miners, coal, and freight for whom and for which it had been conceived.

The beginning of the 20th century signaled the railroad's infrastructure modernization program. Iron rails, for example, were replaced by steel ones. Wood was equally swapped for steel on trestles and bridges, and the durable metal for the first time formed its freight cars.

In 1926, coal-in addition to iron ore, quartzite ganister rock, forest products, and other miscellany-constituted 80 percent of its freight, exceeding 26 million ton-miles alone.

According to East Broad Top Railroad Timetable Number 53, effective Monday, September 29, 1930, it covered the 33-mile main line route from Mount Union to Alvan in one hour, 45 minutes, one southbound run departing at 0920 and arriving at 1105 via Allenton, Adams, Aughwick, Pump Station, Shirleysburg, Orbisonia, Pogue, Three Springs, Saltillo, Fairview, Kimmel, Coles, Rocky Ridge, Wrays Hill, Cooks, Robertsdale, and Woodvale.

Like everything in life, however, the railroad experienced both peaks and troughs. When the depression sunk its teeth into its profits, it was reorganized, simply, as the Rockhill Coal Company, and J. William Wetter assumed the presidency of both the iron furnace and the railroad which fed it.

Exerting its demands for commodities, however, World War II temporarily re-lit the fires in its furnaces, and strip-mining joined its list of coal and ganister rock extractions for the first time.

Inevitably, with the iron supply dwindling and coal the only commodity left to haul, the end of the line-literally-loomed ahead. Passenger rail services from Mount Union to Woodvale, initially curtailed from the two daily, Monday-to-Saturday round-trips, to a single one, were altogether discontinued on August 15, 1954, leaving coal as its sole, and increasingly unprofitable, type of freight. Mount Union brick plants, converting from coal to natural gas, no longer needed it for their own viability, while the proliferation of rail-replacing roads hammered the final anvil into the line. Mail, now transferred to truck transport, obviated the need for the post office contract.

The Rockhill Coal Company terminated its coal shipment requirements on March 31 and the East Broad Top Railroad's raison d'être essentially ended.

The last service, a round-trip from Rockhill Furnace to Mount Union via Saltillo and operated by 161,000-pound locomotive Number 17-a Baldwin 2-8-2 built in 1918-occurred on April 6, 1956, while all common carrier operations mimicked the event a little less than a month later, on May 1.

Stretching throughout the area, from Mount Union and climbing Broad Top Mountain on its east side, its mainline track network, along with its numerous, initially-intact branch lines, appeared like the cobwebs clinging to once-useful pieces of history, but now relegated to relics, their only associated movement, albeit in painstakingly slow form, being the weeds and grasses which sprouted between their cross-ties until they camouflaged them.

Not far behind was a second onslaught-in the form of the Kovalchick Salvage Company of Indiana, Pennsylvania--which had purchased the entire system, including its locomotives, cars, stations, shops, buildings, company houses, rights-of-way, and the land from which the once-precious coal commodity had been removed.

Four years passed. A few branch lines were uprooted. A handful of cars was sold to rail fans who insisted on owning a tangible piece of history. The weeds continued to aggressively attack and conquer the tracks. But, strangely, the dismantling company did not.

Indeed, instead of eradicating this piece of narrow gauge, steam railroad and coal mining history from the stage where it had been enacted, Nick Kovalchick, president of his company, became preservationist of it, rising from salvager to savior.

The East Broad Top Railroad's first re-purposed spark was lit by Orbisonia's one-week bicentennial celebration, whose cornerstone was the very rail line which had given birth to it, perhaps reflecting an act of creation, in which nothing truly dies.

Replacing tourists with coal, the trains would once again ply the tracks, offering return-to-history excursions. Cleared of underbrush, and given the necessary repairs, they once again supported railroad life when locomotive Number 12, a 1911 2-8-2 Baldwin, was christened with ginger ale by Kovalchick's daughter, Millie, on August 13, 1960.

Pulling two converted, open-air and four passenger coaches over the hitherto 3.5 miles of resurrected rail, it chugged, belched, and hissed black smoke and white steam, returning to the natural element for which it had been designed, as far as Colgate Grove. Because a wye had not been remedially installed until later, locomotive Number 15, having followed the proud, narrow gauge chain, pulled it back to the Orbisonia station.

Instead of departing history, the railroad, now under command of new president, Nick Kovalchick, has been returning to it ever since.

Designated a Registered National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of Interior in 1964, it is both the oldest-and oldest still-operating-narrow gauge railroad east of the Rocky Mountains, and today ranks as one of the "top tucks" into the preserved pockets of narrow gauge steam railroad history.

Tourists and locals alike retrace the bicentennial path, now stretching five miles, on one of three round-trip weekend excursion trains during May, June, and September; on Thursday-to-Sunday frequencies from July to mid-August; and during three-day, Friday-to-Sunday periods in October, covering the ten miles during 70-minute runs, ten minutes of which constitute a pause in Colgate Grove. Special and theme trains are offered on Mother's Day, Independence Day (accompanied by appropriate fireworks), Civil War weekends, on Labor Day, during the fall foliage season, on Halloween, and on Polar Express trips in December. Children-applicable trains are pulled by Thomas the Tank engines.

Although some 25 different steam locomotives plied the East Broad Top Railroad's tracks throughout its history, eight-comprised of six narrow gauge 2-8-2s and two standard gauge 0-6-0s-remain today, one of which is stored at the Whitewater Valley Railroad in Indiana. Most of the others continue to occupy their original residences-the roundhouse in the Rockhill Furnace shop complex.

The Number 3, a Baldwin standard gauge 0-6-0 built in 1923, was restricted to operations in the Mount Union switching yard and at the coal cleaning plant. The last and most powerful of the type, it was retired in April of 1956 and is stored in the Mount Union engine house.

The Number 12, a Baldwin 2-8-2 constructed in 1911, was contrastively the first and smallest Mikado to have been acquired, capable of hauling up to 15 loaded hopper cars from the coals mines. It was last used in 2000.

Of the same class as its Number 12 predecessor, the Number 14, built in 1912, was the second narrow gauge locomotive to be acquired, featuring both increased weight and power.

Still greater capability was offered by the Number 15, constructed in 1914, to satisfy increasing demand, enabling it to pull up to 18 loaded hopper cars.

The first of three large Mikados, the Number 16 of 1916, introduced superheaters, piston valves, and a Southern gear valve. It was retired a year before the original East Broad Top Railroad discontinued service, in 1955.

The succeeding Number 17 became the only heavy Mikado to be provisioned for tourist train service, while the number 18, the last and largest in the fleet, was retired in 1956. Like the other two in its class, it could pull 22 loaded hopper cars.

Several passenger cars, all coated in dark green, also encompass its fleet.

Of the coaches the railroad purchased from the Boston, Revere Beach, and Lynn, and the Air Sable and Northwestern, a single coach, two combinations, and the president's car remained after the others were sold at the conclusion of the line's passenger service. Six freight cars were converted to this configuration to enable it to write its tourist train chapter.

Coach Number 8, for instance, hails from 1882 and was constructed by the Laconia Car Company before having been acquired by Boston, Revere Beach, and Lynn in 1916.

Combine cars 14 and 15 share the same lineage.

Parlor car 20, now serving as the East Broad Top's first class coach usually appendaged to the end of the train, had been constructed in 1882 by Billmeyer and Smalls and was subsequently acquired from Big Level and Kinzua in September of 1907 for use as Railroad President Robert Seibert's personal coach.

Several other types make up the fleet, including flat, box, baggage, freight, and track cars, motorcars, cabooses, and diesel locomotives.

Today's tourist trains continue to depart from the "Orbisonia" station, a wooden, two-story, clapboard depot located on the north side of Meadow Street, just beyond the crossing point from the shop complex. It served as the railroad's operating headquarters after it moved from its initial, Marble House residence on a ridge behind the shop buildings. According to Vagel Keller, of the Friends of East Broad Top-a 501.c.3 historical and preservation society-"the current Orbisonia station (is) located in the borough of Rockhill Furnace, while the namesake is one-forth of a mile east... The station at this place was originally known as 'Rockhill,' and in 1888 the village got a post office called 'Rockhill Furnace.' Apparently, this caused misrouting of mail intended for an older post office in Pennsylvania named 'Rockhill,' and at about the same time that the current station was being built in 1906, the US Postal Service asked the East Broad Top to rename the station to avoid confusion... Paradoxically, the re-named 'Orbisonia Station' hosted the Rockhill Furnace post office until shortly after the end of common carrier operations."

During its heyday, its waiting room was alive with train crews, clerks, and passengers. Today, it serves as a gift shop still sporting its original wire ticket window, and from here passengers file through the door to a wooden, boardwalk-type porch, serving as a "platform," to await the train beneath the later-added, full-length trackside canopy.

The actual journey, in a choice of open, coach, or first class cars, plies the original, three-foot-wide, narrow gauge track and passes Orbisonia, farms, and forests before pausing at Colgate Grove after negotiating the wye, location of the East Broad Top's Shirleysburg clay spur, whose track had been laid in 1918 and had stretched from the grove itself to the base of the fire clay quarry on Sandy Ridge. Short-lived, its rails were removed in 1927, and the current wye, employing part of its right-of-way and constructed in 1961, resolved the train turn-around obstacle encountered during the bicentennial celebration excursions.

Today's passengers can remain at the grove either during the two-hour interval until the next run or overnight, but, since it offers little more than a barbecue and a scatter of picnic tables, all food, drink, and gear must be self-provided.

The East Broad Top offers two educational, railroad era-immersive programs. The first, designated "Engineer for an Hour," allows the rider to step into the shoes of an engineer and fireman by riding in the cab of a steam locomotive during one of the regularly scheduled trips, operating the throttle, blowing the whistle, and shovel-replenishing the firebox with coal. The second, "High Iron University/Rail Camp," is a five-day program offered in conjunction with Altoona's Railroaders Memorial Museum, and provides an indepth look at operating a steam powered railroad.

Aside from the train trip, rides are also offered in speeder, M-3, and handcars.

Another immersive experience is a tour of the railroad's shop complex, which served as the heart of its operation. Seemingly immune to time's sweep, it appears exactly as it did a century ago. The silver smokestacks mark the location of the Babcock and Wilcox boilers, which provided the steam needed to run the belt-driven equipment, while the red-painted buildings consist of the blacksmith, car, machine, and carpentry shops, pattern house, foundry, and lumber shed.

According, again, to Vagel Keller, "Another persistent myth holds that the current shops and roundhouse were built to replace earlier structures destroyed by a fire in 1882...The fire myth is based on oral traditions that conflate a cyclonic windstorm in the fall of 1881, which blew down part of the roundhouse (surviving today as the four arched doorways on the eastern half of the present structure), and on a fire in the early 1900s, which destroyed the paint shop and adjacent boiler shop. The roundhouse you see today originated with the four eastern stalls in 1874, was expanded to six stalls by 1895, and to its present form after 1911. The current shop complex originated in 1882 after the superintendent of the railroad prevailed on the Board of Directors to authorize the purchase of machine tools. Like the roundhouse, the shops were expanded over the years, taking their present form by 1911."

Rockhill Trolley Museum:

Sharing the dual-gauge portion of the rails in the yard across from the East Broad Top depot, the Rockhill Trolley Museum, billing itself as "Pennsylvania's first operating" one, affords the visitor a second opportunity to sink himself into vintage transportation history, plying the track to cover distance while distancing himself from time.

Powered by 600 volts of direct current collected by a continuous, overhead copper wire by means of a sliding shoe positioned at the end of a pole, electric trolleys, like trains, run on tracks, each of their under-floor motors usually powering a pair of wheels. An electric motor-driven air compressor channels pressure to their brakes. Internally, conductors check tickets and collect fares.

Tracing their origins to horse-drawn cars, trolleys, in their earliest forms, were small, wooden, four-wheeled vehicles, providing inter-city transportation. Demand, paralleling metropolis growth, soon necessitated larger cars, later constructed of steel, for passenger, freight, and mail transport, and by 1918, the trolley transportation industry had become the country's fifth-largest. Pennsylvania alone was served by 116 such trolley lines, which covered more than 4,600 miles of track.

But, as cities stretched, like taffy, into suburbs and were increasingly accessed by roadways, need for this transportation system declined, leaving only Philadelphia and Pittsburgh to run their lines after 1960, when Johnstown became the last small urban area to cease using its own.

Because it offers an inexpensive, pollution-free alternative to inner-city transportation, some existing track and related system components have been restored, which could be considered a budding stage of resurgence, modern cars or light-rail vehicles once again crisscrossing streets, intermixed with individual car and bus traffic.

This important trolley history can be experienced at the Rockhill Trolley Museum, which thus offers a second, rail-based transportation focus to Rockhill Furnace. Established in 1960, it acquired its first trolley car, the "Johnstown" Number 311, from its namesaked city. Built by the Wason Manufacturing Company of Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1922, it initially served in Bangor, Maine, before being sold to the Johnstown Traction Company, with which it performed a similar role in the Flood City until it was retired 19 years later, on June 11. As the first such car to operate within any Pennsylvania trolley museum track network, it continues to do so more than four decades later.

It is now one of many in the collection emanating form such Pennsylvania cities as Johnstown itself, York, Harrisburg, Scranton, and Philadelphia, and is part of its larger fleet of 35 in-service and under-restoration city and suburban, interurban, rapid transit, and maintenance-of-way cars.

York Car Number 163 is one of them. Constructed in 1924 by the J. G. Brill Car Company of Philadelphia, and constituting the museum's most extensively restored example, the trolley was one of five with curved sides operated by York Railways. Subsequently used as a summer home positioned just north of the city on the Conewago Creek, before being thrust from its foundation by Hurricane Agnes in 1972, it was subsequently donated to the museum. Now a collection of hybrid parts, including wheels and motors from Japan, seats from Chicago, and cane coverings from China, it became the world's only-operable example from York after the equivalent of 17 years of volunteer restoration.

Oporto Car Number 172 is an example of a smaller, single-axle car. Built and used by the Sociedades do Transportes Colectivos do Porto, or S.T.C.P., in 1929, the extensively brake-equipped vehicle, comprised of air, hand, and dynamic systems, was well suited to the Portuguese hilly city.

Ship-transported across the Atlantic and then road-conveyed from Philadelphia on a highway trailer, it immediately operated tourist excursion runs at the museum. Carved wood trim, brass fittings, sliding end doors, storable windows in roof pockets, and a three-abreast configuration constitute its ornate interior features.

The ,539 New Jersey Transit PCC Car Number 6, first ordered in 1945 as part of a 40-strong fleet by the Twin City Rapid Transit Company from the St. Louis Car Company, connected Minneapolis with St. Paul two years later, operating on the Interurban Line, for which it was ideally suited with its northern winter-combative galvanized steel body; significant, nine-foot width for interior volume; two-person conductor booths; and electric horns.

Its "PCC" designation, an abbreviation of "President's Conference Committee," stems from the fact that it was the result of the new trolley standards it created in an attempt to increase street car ridership, which had increasingly migrated to individual automobiles.

Car Number 6, one of 30 acquired by Newark, New Jersey-based Public Service Coordinated Transport in 1953 after the Minnesota system had substituted its own trolleys with diesel buses, plied the short, 4.5-mile, municipally-owned Newark City Subway. But the late-1990s signaled its own end when the trolley line was converted to a light rail one.

Having been the second of the last to operate over the network before it was withdrawn from service, it hibernated in storage for a decade until it was purchased by the Rockhill Trolley Museum in 2011.

Philadelphia Transportation Company Car Number 2743 is another product of the President's Conference Committee. Sporting a line of small, "standee windows" above the standard-sized ones, it offered increased acceleration and decreased interior noise levels over the older cars it replaced, operating with the Philadelphia Transportation Company from 1947 to 1993, a year after which it was acquired by the museum--although its five-foot, 2 1/4-inch wheel trucks had to be replaced with four-foot, 8 ½-inch ones before it could run on its tracks.

Capable of sustaining 70-mph speeds, and sporting contoured, bullet-shaped ends, Philadelphia and Western Railroad Car Number 205 is the "bullet car" in the collection. Manufactured by Brill in 1931, the aerodynamic-appearing vehicle employed lightweight aluminum, reducing structure weight, fostering increased speed, and requiring reduced power to propel, siphoning its electricity to run from a third rail and therefore not sporting the otherwise traditional trolley pole. Secondarily acquired by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transit Authority, or SEPTA, it provided 59 years of service before nudged into the museum's growing collection.

Its largest car is the "Independence Hall" Liberty liner. Spanning 156 feet in length, the permanently-attached, quad-car interurban, designed by the St. Louis Car Company in 1941, features eight, 125-hp articulated traction motors, and served the Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad's North Shore Line along with its identical twin, attaining 90-mph speeds on the windy city-Milwaukee sector. Both were designated "Electroliners."

Subsequently bought by the Philadelphia Suburban Transportation Company after the twin city link had been discontinued in 1963, the refurbished interurbans, named "Independence Hall" and "Valley Forge" Liberty Liners, entered service on its relatively short, 14-mile Norristown Line, for whose curves and hills it was less than optimal, although its passenger-popular tavern car sold alcoholic beverages, snacks, and meals during the trip.

Acquired by the Rockhill Trolley Museum after it was offered for sale in 1981, it appears similar, although for larger, then the only rapid transit car in its collection, Philadelphia Subway Number 1009.

Manufactured itself by the J. G. Brill Car Company in 1936, it saw initial deployment on the Delaware River Bridge Commission's Benjamin Franklin Bridge Line, shuttling passengers between Philadelphia and Camden. Its City of Brotherly Love service was retained with the Broad Street Subway, which subsequently purchased it and operated it until 1984, at which time it was replaced by state-of-the-art Japanese cars and donated to the museum.

Track-plying maintenance vehicles also take their place in the collection. Philadelphia and Western Railroad plow Number 10, for instance, a "sheer plow" produced by the Wason Manufacturing Company in 1915, canted snow to either side of the track. Bought from SEPTA in 1988, it is the last snowplow trolley to have been used by any US transit system, although it is employed by the museum for the same track-clearing purposes.

Actual car maintenance and restoration can be viewed on shop and car barn tours, while six departures offer trolley ride opportunities on the 1.5-mile Shade Gap Branch of the East Broad Top Railroad, with which it closely coordinates, to Blacklog Narrows, passing the remains of the original iron furnaces, which are now reduced to skeletal brick walls and coke oven ruins. A single ticket accesses unlimited rides for the day, which take about an hour for the three-mile round-trip. Like the East Broad Top Railroad itself, which the trolleys usually meet upon return, the Rockhill Trolley Museum, open on weekends between June and October, schedules several seasonal trips, including those highlighting trolley equipment, fall spectaculars, and Pumpkin Patch, Polar Bear Express, and Santa runs. Its gift shop features a rail-related photographic collection.


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